What it actually is

Cloture is a formal Senate procedure used to stop or limit debate on a bill, nomination, or other matter so the Senate can proceed to a vote. It does not pass the bill; it only ends extended discussion that would otherwise continue.

The authority for cloture comes from the Senate's own rules (most notably Rule XXII). Because the Senate traditionally allows extended debate, cloture is the tool the body uses to prevent prolonged delay and move toward a decision.

How it works

One or more senators file a motion to invoke cloture. That motion is submitted under the Senate rules and then put to a vote of the full Senate.

For most matters, cloture requires the support of a supermajority of senators — commonly described as three-fifths of the Senate (which is usually 60 votes when the Senate is at full membership). If the cloture motion is adopted, further debate is limited and the Senate proceeds toward a final vote.

After cloture is invoked, there is a set, limited amount of additional debate time before the final vote. Exact post-cloture time limits and some voting thresholds have changed over time, and some types of nominations are subject to different procedures.

A real example

Cloture has been used repeatedly to overcome extended debate or filibusters on major legislation and on confirmations. The Senate has also adjusted its rules in modern times to change how cloture applies to certain nominations. These uses and changes show how cloture affects the Senate’s ability to finish business.

Why it matters to you

Cloture affects whether laws pass and whether nominees for federal posts or judgeships get a vote. If cloture fails, a single or small group of senators can delay or block action for a long time.

Because cloture controls whether the Senate can finish business, it influences the pace and outcome of policymaking on issues that affect everyday life — taxes, courts, agency rules, and more.

Common misunderstandings

Cloture is not the same as final passage. Winning cloture simply limits debate so the Senate can hold a final vote later.

Cloture is also distinct from the filibuster as a tactic. The filibuster describes extended debate or other methods of delay; cloture is the formal mechanism the Senate uses to end that delay. Finally, cloture is a Senate rule, not something written in the Constitution.